Transparent, stretchable conductors with nano-accordion structure

Researchers have created stretchable, transparent conductors that could be used in a wide variety of applications, such as flexible electronics, stretchable displays or wearable sensors.

The conductors work because of the structures’ ‘nano-accordion’ design. “There are no conductive, transparent and stretchable materials in nature, so we had to create one,” said Abhijeet Bagal, a PhD student in mechanical and aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University.

“Our technique uses geometry to stretch brittle materials, which is inspired by springs that we see in everyday life. The only thing different is that we made it much smaller,” Bagal said.

The researchers begin by creating a three-dimensional polymer template on a silicon substrate. The template is shaped like a series of identical, evenly spaced rectangles. The template is coated with a layer of aluminium-doped zinc oxide, which is the conducting material, and an elastic polymer is applied to the zinc oxide. The researchers then flip the whole thing over and remove the silicon and the template.

What’s left behind is a series of symmetrical, zinc oxide ridges on an elastic substrate. Because both zinc oxide and the polymer are clear, the structure is transparent. And it is stretchable because the ridges of zinc oxide allow the structure to expand and contract, like the bellows of an accordion.

“We can also control the thickness of the zinc oxide layer and have done extensive testing with layers ranging from 30 to 70 nanometres thick,” said Erinn Dandley, a PhD student in chemical and biomolecular engineering at NC State. “This is important because the thickness of the zinc oxide affects the structure’s optical, electrical and mechanical properties.”

The 3D templates used in the process are precisely engineered, using nanolithography, because the dimensions of each ridge directly affect the structure’s stretchability. The taller each ridge is, the more stretchable the structure. This is because the structure stretches by having the two sides of a ridge bend away from each other at the base — like a person doing the splits.

The structure can be stretched repeatedly without breaking. And while there is some loss of conductivity the first time the nano-accordion is stretched, additional stretching does not affect conductivity.

“The most interesting thing for us is that this approach combines engineering with a touch of surface chemistry to precisely control the nano-accordion’s geometry, composition and, ultimately, its overall material properties,” said Chih-Hao Chang, an assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at NC State and corresponding author of the paper. “We’re now working on ways to improve the conductivity of the nano-accordion structures. And at some point we want to find a way to scale up the process.”

The researchers are also experimenting with the technique using other conductive materials to determine their usefulness in creating non-transparent, elastic conductors.

The paper, Multifunctional Nano-Accordion Structures for Stretchable Transparent Conductors, is published online in the journal Materials Horizons. The paper was co-authored by Erinn Dandley, Junjie Zhao, Xu Zhang, Christopher Oldham and Gregory Parsons of NC State. The video of the conductor can be seen at https://youtu.be/Fl2uldbFYwc.