Breakthrough tuning for microelectronics

The ability to make atomic-level changes in the functional components of semiconductor switches, demonstrated by a team of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University and University of Tennessee physicists, could lead to changes in the semiconductor industry.

Semiconductor devices, depend on microscopic solid-state transistors, tiny electronic on-off switches made of layers of metals, oxides and silicon. These switches stop and start the flow of electrons, and work themselves because of the microscopic interface between the oxide layer and the silicon layer, in the realm of individual atoms, where minute positive and negative charges determine semiconductor success of failure.

Until now, researchers had to accept the limitations that each crucial interface contains.

But the researchers have successfully learned to 'tune' the atomic-level zone between substances, in a development that they call 'a unifying concept for understanding and designing' this aspect of semiconductor physics. According to Dr. Rodney McKee at Oak Ridge, the concept arose from "a reformulation of the classic Schottky Barrier problem that will impact everything in semiconductor technology from laser diodes to field-effect transistors in high-speed logic."

The atomic tuning takes place in what Dr Marco Buongiorno Nardelli, assistant professor of physics at NC State has named the 'Coulomb buffer'. Here, at the boundary between silicon and oxide, there is an interface phase that is neither silicon nor oxide but its own hybrid structure.

Dr Nardelli, studying this interface phase at the atomic level using high-performance computer simulations, found that the fundamental basis for this tuning was in increasing or decreasing the electronic 'dipole charge' - the microscopic arrangement of positive and negative charges at the interface.

The experiments demonstrated that the Schottky barrier - the boundary at the edge of a substance where electrons are confined, long considered an inflexible limitation - can in fact be manipulated, and that ' barrier height' is, in Nardelli's words, "no longer a problem, but an opportunity."

According to the NC State physicist, the team's work will 'change common beliefs' in the field of semiconductor physics, and could open the way for smaller, faster and smarter computers.

And manufacturers, able to tune the atomic dipoles in the Coulomb buffer for specific electronic characteristics, may find that this discovery deep in the micro-regions enables macro-steps forward in efficiency and productivity.