Flexible electronics made from gold and water-vapour plasma

Researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) have developed a technique to improve the flexibility of ultrathin electronics. The team used water-vapour plasma to directly bond gold electrodes fixed onto separate ultrathin polymer films, without needing adhesives or high temperatures.

As electronic devices get smaller and smaller, and the desire to have bendable, wearable and on-skin electronics increases, conventional methods of constructing these devices have become impractical. One of the biggest problems is how to connect and integrate multiple devices or pieces of a device that each reside on separate ultrathin polymer films. Conventional methods that use layers of adhesive to stick electrodes together reduce flexibility and require temperature and pressure that are damaging to super-thin electronics. Methods utilising direct metal-to-metal bonding are available, but require perfectly smooth and clean surfaces that are not typical in these types of electronics.

Researchers led by Takao Someya at RIKEN CEMS/CPR have now developed a new method to secure these connections that does not use adhesive, high temperature or high pressure, and does not require totally smooth or clean surfaces. In fact, the process takes less than a minute at room temperature, followed by about a 12-hour wait. The new technique, called water-vapour plasma-assisted bonding (WVPAB) and described in the journal Science Advances, creates stable bonds between gold electrodes that are printed into 2 µm-thick polymer sheets using a thermal evaporator.

“This is the first demonstration of ultrathin, flexible gold electronics fabricated without any adhesive,” said Kenjiro Fukuda, a senior research scientist at RIKEN CEMS/CPR. “Using this new direct bond technology, we were able to fabricate an integrated system of flexible organic solar cells and organic LEDs.”

Experiments showed that WVPAB performed better than conventional adhesive or direct bonding techniques. In particular, the strength and consistency of the bonds were greater than what standard surface-assisted direct bonding achieved. At the same time, the material conformed better to curved surfaces and was more durable than what could be achieved using a standard adhesive technique.

According to Fukuda, the method itself is surprisingly simple. After fixing the gold electrodes onto polymer sheets, a machine is used to expose the electrode sides of the sheets to water-vapour plasma for 40 seconds. Then, the polymer sheets are pressed together so that the electrodes overlap in the correct location. After waiting 12 hours at room temperature, they are ready to use. Another advantage of this system is that after activation with water-vapour plasma, but before being bonded together, the films can be stored in vacuum packs for days. This is an important practical aspect when considering the potential for ordering and distributing pre-activated components.

As proof of concept, the team integrated ultrathin organic photovoltaic and LED-light modules that were printed on separate films and connected by five additional polymer films. The devices withstood extensive testing, including being wrapped around a stick and being crumpled and twisted to extremes. Additionally, the power efficiency of the LEDs did not suffer from the treatment. The technique was also able to join pre-packaged LED chips to a flexible surface.

“We expect this new method to become a flexible wiring and mounting technology for next-generation wearable electronics that can be attached to clothes and skin,” Fukuda said. “The next step is to develop this technology for use with cheaper metals, such as copper or aluminium.”

Image caption: An OPV, an OLED and five wiring films were fabricated on different ultrathin substrates and then integrated using WVPAB. On the right, the integrated system is being wrapped around a stick (radius of 10 mm). Image credit: Masahito Takakuwa, Waseda University.

Please follow us and share on Twitter and Facebook. You can also subscribe for FREE to our weekly newsletter and bimonthly magazine.