Creating conductive yarn for functional fabric

Researchers from Drexel University have developed a way to coat cellulose yarn with flakes of a conductive, two-dimensional material, to imbue it with the conductivity and durability it needs to be knitted into functional fabrics. Their work has been published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials.

Most attempts to turn textiles into wearable technology use stiff metallic fibres that alter the texture and physical behaviour of the fabric. Other attempts to make conductive textiles using silver nanoparticles, graphene and other carbon materials raise environmental concerns and come up short on performance requirements. Furthermore, the coating methods that are successfully able to apply enough material to a textile substrate to make it highly conductive also tend to make the yarns and fabrics too brittle to withstand normal wear and tear.

“Some of the biggest challenges in our field are developing innovative functional yarns at scale that are robust enough to be integrated into the textile manufacturing process and withstand washing,” said Professor Genevieve Dion, Director of Drexel’s Center for Functional Fabrics.

“We believe that demonstrating the manufacturability of any new conductive yarn during experimental stages is crucial. High electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance are important, but so are conductive yarns that can be produced by a simple and scalable process with suitable mechanical properties for textile integration. All must be taken into consideration for the successful development of the next-generation devices that can be worn like everyday garments.”

Prof Dion, a pioneer in the field of wearable technology, teamed up with Professor Yury Gogotsi, a leading researcher in the area of two-dimensional conductive materials, to approach the challenge of making a conductive yarn that would hold up to knitting, wearing and washing. Prof Gogotsi’s group was part of the Drexel team that discovered highly conductive two-dimensional materials known as MXenes in 2011, and have been exploring their properties and applications for them ever since. His group has since shown that it can synthesise MXenes that mix with water to create inks and spray coatings without any additives or surfactants — a revelation that made them a natural candidate for making conductive yarn that could be used in functional fabrics.

“Researchers have explored adding graphene and carbon nanotube coatings to yarn; our group has also looked at a number of carbon coatings in the past,” Prof Gogotsi said. “But achieving the level of conductivity that we demonstrate with MXenes has not been possible until now. It is approaching the conductivity of silver nanowire-coated yarns, but the use of silver in the textile industry is severely limited due to its dissolution and harmful effect on the environment. Moreover, MXenes could be used to add electrical energy storage capability, sensing, electromagnetic interference shielding and many other useful properties to textiles.”

In its basic form, titanium carbide MXene looks like a black powder. But it is actually composed of flakes that are just a few atoms thick, which can be produced at various sizes. Larger flakes mean more surface area and greater conductivity, so the team found that it was possible to boost the performance of the yarn by infiltrating the individual fibres with smaller flakes and then coating the yarn itself with a layer of larger-flake MXene.

The team created the conductive yarns from three common, cellulose-based yarns: cotton, bamboo and linen. They applied the MXene material via dip-coating, which is a standard dying method, before testing them by knitting full fabrics on an industrial knitting machine. Each type of yarn was knitted into three different fabric swatches using three different stitch patterns — single jersey, half-gauge and interlock — to ensure that they are durable enough to hold up in any textile from a tight-knit jumper to a loose-knit scarf.

“The ability to knit MXene-coated cellulose-based yarns with different stitch patterns allowed us to control the fabric properties, such as porosity and thickness for various applications,” the researchers wrote.

To put the new threads to the test in a technological application, the team knitted some touch-sensitive textiles. Not only did the MXene-based conductive yarns hold up against the wear and tear of the industrial knitting machines, but the fabrics produced survived a battery of tests to prove its durability. Tugging, twisting, bending and washing did not diminish the touch-sensing abilities of the yarn, the team reported — even after dozens of trips through the spin cycle.

The researchers suggest that the ultimate advantage of using MXene-coated conductive yarns to produce these special textiles is that all of the functionality can be seamlessly integrated into the textiles. So instead of having to add an external battery to power the wearable device, or wirelessly connect it to your smartphone, these energy storage devices and antennas would be made of fabric as well — an integration that, though literally seamed, is a much smoother way to incorporate the technology.

“Electrically conducting yarns are quintessential for wearable applications because they can be engineered to perform specific functions in a wide array of technologies,” the team wrote.

Using conductive yarns also means that a wider variety of technological customisation and innovations are possible via the knitting process. For example, the study authors suggested, “the performance of the knitted pressure sensor can be further improved in the future by changing the yarn type, stitch pattern, active material loading and the dielectric layer to result in higher capacitance changes”.

Prof Dion’s team at the Center for Functional Fabrics is already putting this development to the test in a number of projects, including a collaboration with textile manufacturer Apex Mills — a leading producer of material for car seats and interiors. Prof Gogotsi suggests the next step for this work will be tuning the coating process to add just the right amount of conductive MXene material to the yarn for specific uses.

“With this MXene yarn, so many applications are possible,” Prof Gogotsi said. “You can think about making car seats with it so the car knows the size and weight of the passenger to optimise safety settings. Textile pressure sensors could be in sports apparel to monitor performance, or woven into carpets to help connected houses discern how many people are home. Your imagination is the limit.”

Top image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/Jenjit

Please follow us and share on Twitter and Facebook. You can also subscribe for FREE to our weekly newsletter and bimonthly magazine.